Europe has entered an advanced phase of the demographic transition: the shift from a society with high birth rates and high death rates to one where both are declining. These trends translate into an ageing population, profound changes in the social structures of European countries, and an imbalance between the working-age population and elderly people, which affects, in turn, the European pension and welfare systems. Complementary to this is the situation on the African continent: a demographic boom, with a young working-age population that outnumbers employment opportunities.
The great challenge for the future is addressing – in an inclusive and cohesive manner – this transition, allowing for a ‘longevity society’ where people can live longer and well. Regulated and integrated migration, policies that address gender inequalities and youth empowerment are some of the people-centred and rights-based measures that the European Union and the member states should adopt to face the otherwise inescapable decline. Simplistic calls to encourage childbearing will never be enough, as they have little impact, and may significantly affect people’s health, rights as well as gender equality.
