Covid-19 crisis

Implications and lessons for European social democracy

Policy Study

16/12/2022

The studyCovid-19 crisis: implications and lessons for European social democracy‘ is the summary of the outcomes of a two-year-long joint project, which FEPS and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) conducted with the initial support of Istituto Cattaneo in Bologna, and then successfully concluded with the invaluable help of Kieskompas in Amsterdam.

In late spring 2020, we wanted to investigate the change in attitudes of the citizens within 6 EU member states during and after the COVID pandemic. To do so, there were two waves of surveys that captured the opinions of European citizens in two respective moments (December 2020/January 2021 and October/November 2021). The questionnaires used in both waves contained largely overlapping questions, allowing for an over-time comparison of public opinion on various socioeconomic issues.

The two waves of surveys saw over 6000 people participating in six countries: France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Sweden. The results were then analysed accordingly to 13 sociodemographic categories and 63 thematic questions. Thanks to cross-tabulations and analyses of the overlap of the vote propensity, it was possible to extract very specific answers regarding the trends among diverse groups.

The subsequently drafted conclusions were evaluated by FES regional offices, as well as by some of FEPS’ member foundations: Centrum im. Ignacego Daszynskiego, Olaf Palme Center, Fundación Pablo Iglesias and Fundació Rafael Campalans.

The results of the surveys were further discussed at round tables involving 250 politicians, academics and civil society actors. This jointly makes the robust material of 7 reports unique in its richness and representativity. The study is also available in German.


Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy – France

In France, the data indicates many different and often polarised opinions. The French public is growing increasingly critical of their government, has a relatively low degree of institutional trust, is divided regarding their country’s membership in the EU, believes that immigrants are a benefit to society and are concerned about climate change

You can read this policy study in German here.


Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy – Germany

In Germany, the data indicates that even though there are many different and often polarised opinions among the German electorate, the majority of German citizens are politically moderate, have relatively high confidence in their government, have a high degree of institutional trust, support their country’s membership in the EU, believe that immigrants are a benefit to society and are concerned about climate change

You can read this policy study in German here.


Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy – Italy

In Italy, the data indicates many different, often polarised, opinions. The Italian public is largely supportive of the pandemic mitigation measures. However, Italians have a relatively low degree of institutional trust, and less than half of Italian citizens consider their country’s EU membership to be a good thing. Nevertheless, most respondents, especially younger generation cohorts, believe immigrants are a benefit to society and are concerned about climate change.

You can read this policy study in German here.


Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy – Poland

In Poland, the data indicate many different, often polarised, opinions. The country is more polarised than other European states: the government and opposition supporters hold diametrically opposed views and values. Nevertheless, when it comes to issues such as climate change and immigration, respondents are more concerned and permissive than is often reported in the news.

You can read this policy study in German here.


Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy – Spain

The Spanish dataset points out that even though there are many different, often polarised, opinions, the majority of Spanish citizens are politically moderate, have relatively high confidence in their government, have a high degree of institutional trust, support their country’s membership in the EU, believe that immigrants are a benefit to society and are concerned about climate change

You can read this policy study in German here.


Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy – Sweden

In Sweden, the data indicates that even though there are many different and often polarised opinions, the majority of Swedish citizens are politically moderate, have relatively high confidence in their government, have a high degree of institutional trust, believe that immigrants are a benefit to society and are concerned about climate change. Nevertheless, a substantial group of respondents is opposed to the country’s membership in the EU.

You can read this policy study in German here.

We presented these studies on 16 May during a round table at FEPS HQ.

Network
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
KiesKompas
Related events
16/05/2023
FEPS HQ, Brussels (Expert meeting)

Covid-19 crisis: Implications and lessons for European social democracy

The study ‘Covid-19 crisis: implications and lessons for European social democracy‘ brings together a summary […]
Find all related publications
Publications
17/04/2026

EqualiZe

Gender differences in political opinion and voting among Generation Z
27/03/2026

Laboratories of counter-hegemony

Orbán, Trump and the transatlantic far-right ecosystem
19/03/2026

There must be an alternative

Against mainstream defeatism and towards the rejuvenation of the democratic public space
19/03/2026

Countering the far right in the European Parliament

Exploring progressive strategies in the age of far-right normalisation
Find all related Progressive Post
Progressive Post
16/04/2026

Orbán ousted by a landslide: time for a rethink

With an unprecedented voter turnout of almost 80 per cent, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán […]
23/01/2026

Ending the US democratic experiment?

Pundits and experts have often urged EU policymakers to focus on US President Donald Trump’s […]
Find all related events
Events
Past
23/04/2026
Brussels, Belgium (Expert meeting)

An enlargement for a new generation 

Third progressive enlargement conference  
23/04/2026
Online

Unpacking Bulgaria’s election results

Outcomes and trends
14/04/2026
Online

Unpacking Hungary’s election results

What does it mean for Hungary and the EU
Load more...
Find all related Audiovisual
Audiovisual
17/04/2026

‘FEPS at Global Progressive Mobilisation’ Flickr album

Photo album of the ‘FEPS at Global Progressive Mobilisation‘ event in in Barcelona, Spain. The […]
26/02/2026

“Those who have A LOT, must PAY MORE” Nicolas Schmit | FEPS Talks Podcast

🎧 Listen to the latest episode of FEPS Talks with FEPS President Nicolas Schmit! 🇪🇺 […]
26/02/2026

“Those who have A LOT, must PAY MORE” Nicolas Schmit | FEPS Talks Podcast

🎧 Listen to the latest episode of FEPS Talks with FEPS President Nicolas Schmit! 🇪🇺 […]
29/01/2026

‘FEPS’ New Year Reception & Progressive Yearbook launch’ Flickr album

Photo album of the ‘FEPS’ New Year Reception & Progressive Yearbook launch‘ event in FEPS […]
Find all related news
News
21/10/2025

Maria João Rodrigues at PES Congress 2025

🇳🇱 🌹 FEPS attended the Party of European Socialists (PES) Congress in Amsterdam, which included […]
18/10/2025

FEPS at PES Congress 2025

🇳🇱 🌹Within PES Congress, there were full rooms on insightful discussion on a range of […]
10/09/2025

Von der Leyen – walking the walk at last?

FEPS reaction to The State of the European Union 2025
10/02/2025

FEPS joins BlueSky – follow our new account! 

When misinformation and disinformation run rampant, we resist attempts to bully users off certain platforms. […]
Find all related in the media
In the media

Une révolution civique, pas encore une révolution sociale

by Fondation Jean-Jaurès 06/05/2026
“A civic revolution, not yet a social revolution” Interview with László Andor, FEPS Secretary General, published by Fondation Jean-Jaurès (FR), analysing the electoral defeat of Viktor Orbán, the emergence of a broad opposition movement in Hungary, and the prospects for democratic renewal, EU relations and social change following what he describes as a “civic revolution” that has yet to deliver a social transformation.

Jön a pénz! Magyar Péter beváltja az ígéretét?

by KlikkTV 04/05/2026
“Money is coming! Will Péter Magyar deliver on his promise?” Video Interview published on KlikkTV (HU), featuring László Andor, FEPS Secretary General, discussing EU funds to Hungary, their political conditionality, and the importance of fair distribution, rule of law and social investment within the European Union.

‘Regreso al futuro. El gran reseteo’ by Lina Gálvez

by Tinta Libre 02/02/2026
“Back to the Future: The Great Reset” Opinion article by FEPS Vice-President, Lina Gálvez reflecting on the current global crisis marked by rising authoritarianism, digital power and extreme inequality, and tracing its roots through a historical analysis of capitalism — from the post-1945 social and geopolitical settlement led by social democratic forces, through neoliberal financialisation, to what she describes as a new phase of fascist capitalism.

Liberal democracy’s social, societal fabric under threat – Live from the EPC Annual Conference 2025

by EPC 08/12/2025
In a podcast by the European Policy Centre (EPC), FEPS Secretary General, László Andor, discusses how liberal democracy in Europe is being challenged not only at the institutional level but also through the erosion of social rights and what Europe must do to defend its social foundations.