The social and economic impact of Brexit across Northern Ireland

Policy Study

The Impact of Brexit on Northern Ireland: A Comprehensive Policy Overview

Northern Ireland’s membership in the European Union played a pivotal role in reducing barriers to trade, customs, and immigration while facilitating closer cooperation between the economies and services of Northern Ireland (NI) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI). These benefits were integral to the peace-building framework established through the Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement), which assumed that both the United Kingdom (UK) and ROI would remain part of the EU, under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Additionally, the EU’s influence extended beyond just legal and economic ties, as it helped reframe ideas of national sovereignty and identity in Northern Ireland, further supporting the peace process.

Since the 2016 Brexit referendum, however, the landscape has dramatically shifted. Brexit has become a defining factor in Northern Ireland’s political conversation, bringing significant social and economic repercussions to nearly every sector of society. These effects have ranged from challenges in accessing public services, education, and employment opportunities to deeper issues of identity and social cohesion.

This policy study, based on semi-structured interviews with 19 leaders from politics, civil society, and the public sector, examines the perceived impact of Brexit on communities and service users across Northern Ireland. The perspectives gathered were diverse and nuanced, revealing notable differences across sectors and regions. However, one consistent concern emerged: the prolonged uncertainty stemming from political impasse, particularly due to the suspension of Northern Ireland’s devolved government at Stormont, and the lack of clarity about the future.

Amid this uncertainty, leaders frequently highlighted the need for a positive vision for Northern Ireland, one that takes into account its unique position under the Windsor Framework, a post-Brexit arrangement that governs Northern Ireland’s relationship with both the UK and the EU. This raises pressing questions about what a future partnership between Northern Ireland and the EU might look like, both in terms of practicality and long-term benefits.

As Northern Ireland navigates this complex and evolving relationship with the EU post-Brexit, this study sheds light on the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for its economy, governance, and communities.

This publication will be presented at our event ‘Beyond the border‘ on 16-17 October.